Issues in Accounting Theory and Practice (Case Study National Case

Issues in Accounting Theory and Practice ( National Greenhouse Accounts Factor) - Case Study Example The ozone depleting substances incorporate methane, carbon dioxide, indicated hydrofluorocarbons, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride and determined perfluorocarbons. There are four techniques used to finish up scope 1 emanations. The first is fuel ignition that centers around fuel burning and the outflows it discharges. There is ‘emissions of mechanical processes’ that manages ozone harming substances came about because of carbonates utilization and utilizing fills as carbon reductants or feedstock. It likewise centers around the arrival of manufactured gases in specific cases. Another technique utilized in scope 1 fuels’ criminal emanations, which center around discharges from the expulsion, assembling and flexibly of non-renewable energy sources. The fourth technique is ‘waste emissions’ that manages the arrival of GHG from the rot of natural material in offices dealing with wastewater. The Contex Company has a ton put resources into the utilization of transport fuel. It leases and rents engine vehicles, which implies the organization is liable for direct discharges through fuel ignition. They additionally give hardware utilized in mining that outcomes to the arrival of methane. The principal technique is fuel ignition, and it is fitting for Contex on the grounds that the organization manages engine vehicles that discharge GHG through utilization of armada fuel. This is additionally on the grounds that the most essential source is GHG emanations from the burning of fuel that represent more than 60 percent revealed outflows. Action 2 Scope 2 emanations are much of the time a kind of backhanded discharge. The extension manages exercises that produce power, cooling, warming or steam that an office devours, however are not part of the office. They occur principally at power generators in view of the utilization of power at an alternate office. The discharges of extension 2 additionally originate from power acquired from outside so urces. The degree gives the elements of emanations through the electricity’s provider or by utilizing the NT’s discharge factor. The age of NT power to a great extent speaks to a blend of the age of diesel and flammable gas, which is an intelligent proportional for the fuel blend utilized in outside power age. The components of emanation for scope 2 show information relying upon on-matrix action explicitly, year normal of yearly financials, state-based movement, and physical qualities of the interest and gracefully of power (Australian Government 2011). To equation, calculate the degree 2 outflows acquisition of power from a NSW. Y speaks to the outflows of extension 2 determined in CO2-e tones, while Q is the measure of bought power in the year and utilized from the facility’s activity. EF is the factor of degree 2 discharge estimated in KGs of carbon dioxide outflows for each kilowatt-hour, for a domain or state. GHG Source Quantities utilized Calculation Em issions tons CO2-e Scope 2 †Indirect Energy Purchased power - NSW (2,000,000 x 0.89)/1000 1,780 Purchased power - Victoria (1,000,000 x 1.21/1000 1,210 Purchased power - Queensland (250,000 x 0.88)/1000 220 Activity 3 To compute the outflows of degree 3, there is have to utilize various emanation factors. The fundamental outflow factors secured for scope 3 are for associations that take part in consuming non-renewable energy source and those expending power bought from different sources. Extension 3 gauges the roundabout outflows identified with extraction, assembling and transport of petroleum products for those

An overview of social media

A review of web based life What is Social Media? Web based life is a sweeping term that incorporates all apparatuses that permit gatherings to produce content and participate in shared discussions and trade of substance on the web. Another normal term for associations, for example, these is â€Å"Web 2.0†. Web-based social networking are exceptionally open and economical devices that all anybody from the individual area to the corporate segment to get to, make, and distribute data. These media are extraordinarily unmistakable from more the more customary modern media (papers, TV, film) that require substantial assets use for distribution. One trademark shared by both online networking and modern media is the ability to contact little or enormous crowds; for instance, either a blog entry or a TV program may contact zero individuals or a large number of individuals. The properties that help depict the contrasts between online life and modern media rely upon the investigation. A portion of these properties are: 1. Reach both modern and web-based social networking advances give scale and empower anybody to contact a worldwide crowd. 2. Availability the methods for creation for modern media are normally claimed secretly or by government; internet based life instruments are commonly accessible to anybody at almost no expense. 3. Ease of use mechanical media creation normally requires particular aptitudes and preparing. Most internet based life don't, or now and again rethink abilities, so anybody can work the methods for creation. 4. Recency the time slack between correspondences delivered by mechanical media can be long (days, weeks, or even months) contrasted with internet based life (which can be prepared to do for all intents and purposes immediate reactions; just the members decide any postponement accordingly). As modern media are at present receiving online networking instruments, this element may well not be unmistakable any longer in some time. 5. Perpetual quality mechanical media, once made, can't be adjusted (when a magazine article is printed and circulated changes can't be made to that equivalent article) though online networking can be modified promptly by remarks or altering. In his 2006 book The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom, Yochai Benkler examined a considerable lot of these differentiations and their suggestions as far as both financial aspects and political freedom. Be that as it may, Benkler, in the same way as other scholastics, utilizes the neologism arrange economy or system data economy to depict the hidden monetary, social, and innovative qualities of what has come to be known as internet based life. Andrew Keen censures social media[citation needed] in his book The Cult of the Amateur, composing, Out of this turmoil, it abruptly turned out to be evident that what was administering the endless monkeys currently contributing ceaselessly on the Internet was the law of advanced Darwinism, the endurance of the most intense and generally stubborn. Under these principles, the best way to mentally win is by limitless delaying. Data yields and human communication. Fundamentally, internet based life rely upon cooperations between individuals as the conversation and incorporation of words to assemble shared-significance, utilizing innovation as a channel. Web-based social networking has been touted as introducing a new bearing for advertising by permitting organizations to chat with shoppers, instead of talking at them. Web-based social networking utilities make open doors for the utilization of both inductive and deductive rationale by their clients. Claims or warrants are immediately progressed into speculations because of the way where shared articulations are posted and seen by all. The speed of correspondence, expansiveness, and profundity, and capacity to perceive how the words manufacture a case requests the utilization of talk. Acceptance is as often as possible utilized as a way to approve or validate various clients articulations and words. Talk is a significant piece of todays language in web-based social networking. Online life are not limited: there is certainly not a set number of pages or hours. The crowd can take part in internet based life by including remarks, texting or in any event, altering the narratives themselves. What is Social Media Marketing? Web based life advertising is a term that depicts the demonstration of utilizing informal communities, online networks, web journals, wikis or some other cooperative Internet type of media for showcasing, deals, advertising and client care. Regular online networking advertising apparatuses incorporate Twitter, websites, LinkedIn, Facebook, Flickr and YouTube. With regards to Internet advertising, web based life alludes to an aggregate gathering of web properties whose substance is basically distributed by clients, not immediate representatives of the property (for example by far most of video on YouTube is distributed by non-YouTube workers). Online networking promoting has three significant perspectives: (1) Creating buzz or news commendable occasions, recordings, tweets, or even blog sections that stand out, and become viral in nature. Buzz is the piece that makes internet based life promoting work, it repeats a message not through acquisition of an advertisement, yet intensive client to client contact. (2) Building ways that fanatics of a brand or organization can advance it themselves in different online web based life settings. Fan pages in Twitter, MySpace of Facebook are actually this. (3) It is conversational. Web-based social networking showcasing isn't completely constrained by the association, it takes into consideration client support and exchange. Possibly a severely structured internet based life advertising effort can blowback on the association that made it. That is the explanation that SMM battles should completely draw in and regard the clients. As indicated by Lloyd Salmons, first director of the Internet Advertising Bureau web-based social networking board Social media isnt pretty much enormous systems like Facebook and MySpace, its about brands having discussions. The parameters encompassing web based life advertising are seemingly subtle today; anyway a developing accord recommends internet based life promoting and Social Media are setting down deep roots. Nielsen distributed a report proposing that online journals and informal communities make up the rising social web. The social web incorporates web based life locales and it is an area inside which internet based life showcasing happens. Online networking are media intended to be dispersed through social connection, made utilizing profoundly open and versatile distributing methods. Web based life underpins the human requirement for social connection, utilizing Internet-and electronic advances to change communicate media monologs (one to many) into web based life exchanges (numerous to many). It underpins the democratization of information and data, changing individuals from content purchasers into content makers. Organizations likewise allude to online life as client produced content (UGC) or customer created media (CGM). Web based life can be said to have three parts; 1. Idea (workmanship, data, or image). 2. Media (physical, electronic, or verbal). 3. Social interface (cozy direct, network commitment, social viral, electronic communicate or syndication, or other physical media, for example, print). Regular types of online networking; * Concepts, mottos, and articulations with a high memory maintenance remainder, that energize others to rehash. * Grass-Roots direct activity data dispersal, for example, open talking, establishments, execution, and showings. * Electronic media with sharing, syndication, or search calculation advances (incorporates web and cell phones). * Print media, intended to be re-conveyed.

Product Manager Resume Examples, Template, and Resume Tips

Product Manager Resume Examples, Template, and Resume Tips Every product goes through a lengthy process and several stages of development before it is fully released on the market.And even before it is launched, developers have to make valid points on why and how would that product be sold when it is released on the market.All that combined is a job for the product development manager. To do this kind of job, you need to have knowledge in multiple areas and fields.Let’s see how does a regular day of a product manager in Yelp look like. As you can see, you need to be able to combine your technical or engineering skills with business and design, so we could say that it is a rather fun job to do if you have the expertise.With the rise in the popularity of IT and technology jobs in general, the competition on the market for these jobs is also growing.In order to get the job of a product manager, you want you have to distinguish yourself from the crowd and the best way to do that is to have a good resume.Now, writing a good resume can be time-c onsuming and a bit hard, since it needs to be detailed, but not too long, with the length of between 1 and 2 pages.However, don’t worry, because we are here to help you with that.In this guide, we will cover all of the most important parts of a product manager resume, and analyze them separately in order to give you the full knowledge on how the perfect resume should look like.But, before we begin with the general guide, let’s take a look at two examples of a good product manager resume, just to give you a clearer picture of what details you should focus on.Without any further due, let’s start with the examples!Product Development Manager Resume Example Right Digital Product Manager Resume Example Right Create your own resumePRESENTING YOUR BASIC INFO IN A PRODUCT MANAGER RESUME THE BEST WAYNow that we’ve seen some examples of successful product manager resumes, let’s start with our guide about how to write a resume and impress the recruiters.For product manager jobs, as well as for many other professions, it is crucial to be seen as a professional. No one would like to entrust important tasks to someone who is irresponsible and childish.A very good way to show professionalism is to introduce yourself properly.And a good start would be to write some basic information about yourself in your product manager resume since your resume is technically your business card.Just like when you meet someone in person, you should state your name, profession, share some contact details, such as phone number, email address, and home address.Apart from that, most people tend to share a photo of themselves.Some jobs even require you to attach your photo with the application.Also, since social me dia has become very popular nowadays, it has become a common thing to include some of your social media profiles in your resume.However, each of these things should be written in a specific way.We’ll explain it step by step, so let’s begin.Using the full name or adding some nicknames as well?First of all, you should, of course, state your name. It should be written to be visible and noticeable on the paper, to make it easier for recruiters to look it up.As we had said earlier, it is crucial to make yourself look as professional as possible. Adding any nicknames could be seen as an unprofessional thing to do, so try to avoid adding short names or nicknames.If the job is somehow related to your nickname, for instance, if you are known gamer or a streamer and if you’re applying to be a game tester, it could be good idea to write down your gaming nickname as well.However, even in that scenario, it would be seen as a bit unprofessional, so just try to avoid that. The best thing you could do is state your full name, as shown in the example.Tomas Gaskins RightTommy Gaskins WrongJust like in real life.When you meet someone for the first time, you rarely introduce yourself by stating your nickname.Almost everyone would do the right thing, shake their hand and say “Hi, I am Tomas. A pleasure to meet you!”That is especially the case in the business world, where people also use their last name to introduce themselves. This is also very common method in the academic community.Writing professionAfter you are done writing your name, the next information you should add is your current or past professional title if you have one.For example, if your last job position was Product Development Manager, you should first write your name and then write ‘Product Development Manager’ underneath it.If you are, however, a graduate and you still don’t have any experience, what you could do instead is write your highest educational title.For instance, if you got your Bach elor in Data Science, you could write it down below your name in your resumeThat way, recruiters will know whether you have some experience or not, even before they start reading your resume.Adding a catchy photo on your product manager resumeYou’ve probably had several job applications or you’ve heard that someone else had the experience where they were asked to attach a photo of themselves with the job application.Depending on the job, this might or might not be necessary. For example, no one will ask you to do this when it comes to applying for product manager jobs.However, it has become a pretty common thing to add personal photos on resumes, so there is really no reason not to do that.Now you might think ‘Great, I have a bunch of photos on Instagram, let me pick one that looks nice and put it on my resume!’. That would, however, be a great mistake.Adding random photographs from social media is not going to do any good. Remember, we mentioned that you are trying to look professional.So, instead of adding random photos, you should take some nice photos of yourself that would make you look as professional as possible.Let’s see what are the main characteristics of a good photo for your product manager resume:Smile naturally, don’t fore anythingYour eyes need to be open, not like you’re staring, but looking naturallyClean and combed hairIf you’re a woman, don’t use too much make-upIf you’re a man, trim your beard, you’re not applying for a Viking raid after allYour surroundings should be empty and neutral, preferably white wallYou should be dressed formallyDon’t look sluggish, keep proper posturePhone numberIn a recently conducted research, it has been established that over 5 billion people in the world have a mobile phone, and over 2.5 billion of them have smartphones.That said, there is really no reason not to include your phone number in your product manager resume. It can be helpful, especially because email messaging can be a bit t ricky and buggy from time to time.Also, some recruiters like to have a personal chat with their applicants, ask them some questions and learn more about them before inviting them to an interview.So, the more ways to get contacted by recruiters, the better. Some jobs even require you to provide your phone number.For example, if you want to work in a call center, recruiters like to call you directly and assess your oral interaction with other people, since it would basically be your job if they hired you.Giving your home address â€" a good idea or not?When you write your resume, you can think of it as writing some sort of business letter. And everyone familiar with business practice will know that every business letter contains certain personal information of a sender.So, adding your address would be considered pretty normal. There is no reason not to do that because it could also benefit you.Depending on the company, you might get certain benefits according to your location. For inst ance, if you live a bit further from the office, you might be given paid transportation to your job.Often, it doesn’t mean taking you directly to your house, but somewhere nearby.Or, they might just increase your salary so it could cover your transportation costs.Also, some companies pick the applicants that live closer to the company.So, even if you are not the most qualified for the job, they might pick you because your transportation expenses would be lower.Sharing E-Mail Address â€" Yay or NayThe most efficient way of communication between employers and employees nowadays is via emails. It allows you to quickly transfer files from one computer to another on the same network, which also makes data flow more protected.Also, you could reach someone from anywhere in the company, without walking to their office or using phone lines to try to get them talking.Not just that, but emails are also very much used for everything in every-day life. Do you need to contact customer support a bout the faulty product? You can do that via email.Do you want to register on multiple websites? You can do that by simply using one email address. So, the question here isn’t whether you should share your email on your resume, but why wouldn’t you do that in the first place?Most job applications are done through emails nowadays. So, even if you didn’t write your email, recruiters would have it saved if you applied by using email.However, it is a good thing to type it down, simply because you never know when someone might invite you to an interview.If you go to some business fairs, you can usually leave your resumes there and the companies’ officials can take a look at everyone’s resumes and find the perfect candidates for their free jobs.One thing to note, however, is that you shouldn’t share some random email, consisting of your nicknames. Create one email, which you are going to use only for business purposes.Let’s take a look at the example.tomasgaskins@gmail.com Righttommyg@gmail.com WrongAs you can see, the best way is to use your full name or a bit shorter variation of it, in case your full name is very long.When it comes to choosing the right email provider, you should only use the most known and trusted providers, such as Gmail, Yahoo, and Hotmail.Social media profilesThere are millions of people using all kinds of social media platforms, from Facebook and Instagram to Twitter and LinkedIn.Ever since they had become so popular, people have been striving to use them to their full extent. Nowadays, social media platforms are not just used privately, to enhance people’s social lives, but also in business.You can see almost every major company in the world on social media. They use them as a means to find and bring more customers for themselves, by using new type of marketing, called ‘Social Media Marketing’.They can easily offer their products over social media platforms and keep closer relations with their customers, by providing t hem full client support via social media chats, instead of just using website ticket submissions.For some jobs, extensive knowledge of social media platforms is a must, such as the job of Digital Marketing Manager or Social Media Marketer.Therefore, people often decide to share their social media profiles on their resume. However, some of them don’t do it properly.If you want to share your social media profiles, make sure to tweak them a bit, so they look professional since you are trying to be as professional as possible.This is very important for jobs related to sales, art or even smaller entrepreneurs.They always want to look good on their social media profiles.One profile that you should always share with recruiters is your LinkedIn profile.LinkedIn is mostly used by businessmen and it is very popular because it allows you to connect with other companies and even receive job offers.Before you share your LinkedIn profile link, however, be sure to edit it a bit, remove those lon g numbers from the end of the link in order to make it more appealing to the eye.Just as shown in the example.linkedin.com/tomas-gaskins Rightlinkedin.com/tomas-gaskins-5x3698412 WrongAs for your other social media profiles. If you are sharing Facebook, Twitter or Instagram, for instance, make sure to remove some inappropriate photos and posts if you have some.They would make you look unprofessional.A SHORT SUMMARY OF YOUR PRODUCT MANAGER RESUME THAT WORKS 100%Now that you had managed to write your personal information on your product managers resume, it is almost the time to write something about your experience.Before we go into that, however, let’s discuss something else.As stated above, resumes should be small enough not to bore the reader to death and detailed enough to keep them interested in your personality and potential skills you can bring to their company.One way to make that possible is to create a short summary of the most important content in your product manager r esume.That means it would be a good idea to write several short sentences about your previous experience and potential accomplishments you achieved in your previous jobs.A good start would be, to begin with, your professional title and years of experience, which would tell companies’ officials how much experience you could bring with you.Then, proceed with some of the basic tasks you did on previous jobs and accomplishments, as well as skills used to achieve all those things.SummaryProduct Development Manager with over 6 years of experience. Excellent leadership skills, with product lead for Digital New Card Application in more than 5 countries. Capable of integrating API data into the AMEX app and reducing prospect application time by 50%, which increases submit rates by additional 25%. Excellent communication skills and client relations. Teamwork-based person, looking to apply all these skills to help the company. RightSummaryProduct Development Manager with over 6 years of exp erience. WrongNow that we had seen the example, let’s see why it is so important to write such an informative resume summary.Well, one of the reasons you want to make a good resume is because you want to distinguish yourself from other applicants.A lot of people tend to just write generic resumes, with copy-pasted text and templates. It just makes recruiters harder to believe that all those people are the same.Therefore, when they notice someone who is completely different, they usually get interested. This kind of summary allows you to personalize your resume and pique the interest of recruiters.That could, in return, increase your chances of getting the job of product manager you desire so much. And will most definitely buy you a free interview anyway.WHAT KIND OF EXPERIENCE IS NEEDED FOR PRODUCT MANAGER JOBS AND HOW TO WRITE IT?Some kind of previous experience is usually needed for product manager jobs, mostly knowledge about product development and processes that need to be c ompleted in order for the product to reach the final stage.Then we have some basic experience in negotiating and client relations because you will need to work according to clients wishes.So, all experience is welcomed. But how does that help your resume? How far back should you go on a resume?Some people say that it is not a good idea to write jobs that you had done 15, 20 years ago.However, it is not the timeline that is the problem here, but the jobs itself.Let us explain.First of all, let’s explain how to even write down your experience on a resume.To do that, you should first write your most recent jobs. So, you are starting from today and go back to the past.However, as stated above, it isn’t good to write every job that you’ve ever worked on.Especially if some of them are not related to your field or the job position you are applying for right now.So, that said, write mostly those jobs that really matter. Let’s see how that looks in a practical example. Right WrongAs you can see from the example, apart from just stating jobs one after another, it would be a good idea to write something about each job.For example, include some regular tasks you had done, the skills you had used or even some rewards and achievements you had earned.That way, you will give a more detail picture of your capabilities to recruiters, which would make it easier for them to decide whether you would be good for the job they’re offering or not.To find out more about how to crack the job interview for a product manager role, check out this interesting video from UpGrad. PRODUCT MANAGER RESUME EDUCATION SECTIONWhen it comes to education required for being a product manager, we could say that it is a job that requires you to be well-educated and also have knowledge of different areas, rather than focusing on just one.Product managers have to combine their technical knowledge, design and business side of the product, in order to become successful.As for writing your education in your product managers resume, it is completely the same process as writing down your experience.Start with the highest education you’ve had, going further back to the past. For each college, university or school write something you did or achieved.For instance, if you had good grades, write your GPA score. Or if you managed to be on the Dean’s list, write that as well.One thing to note though. If you are very experienced and had to put several jobs in your experience section of the resume, then you could only write the highest education, without adding lower ones.So, for example, if you earned your MSc in Data Science, you could only write that down, and skip the other education titles and schools. Right WrongSKILLS TO DOMINATE PRODUCT MANAGER JOBSLast, but not least, you should describe some of the most important skills in your resume.A lot of people tend to put a lot of skills on their resumes.Also, a lot of people tend to lie about some skills they don’t actually have.It would be best not to lie about your skills because the truth will eventually come out and then your boss won’t be so happy.So, it is better to tell that you don’t know how to do something than to lie about knowing it, then when you have to do it, you don’t know-how.That’s why most bigger companies have some sort of skills test, through which all applicants must go. Now let’s see what kind of skills are needed for product manager jobs. Right WrongAs seen above, there aren’t too many skills in this resume. That is because you should only put your key skills, that would be useful for the job you’re applying for.As shown in the wrong example, painting skills and childcare are basically useless for product manager jobs.Try to search for the job position you want to apply for and see what skills are required for that job. If you have some of them, make sure to list them as well.ADDITIONAL TIPS AND TRICKS YOU COULD USE TO NAIL YOUR APPLICATIONSo far, we have explained the most important parts of a good product manager resume.Now, let’s focus on adding some general tips that could help you get the job you want.Selecting font style for your resume. What could make your resume look more professional is making it look pretty. One of the easiest ways to do that is to pick a very nice font style that would fit the job position you are applying for.Apart from fitting the job position, the font style should also go well in the combination with resume template you made or downloaded from the internet.Another thing to consider is that you should never use hand-written font styles, since they are much harder to read and could make recruiters’ job more difficult, thus potentially decreasing your chances of getting the job.Good resume size. We often see the question ‘How long should my resume be?’. There are people who have resumes that are more than 4 pages long.You might think that is amazing, but it is actually a very bad resume size. The perfect size for your resume is from 1 to maximum 2 pages.Even if you have 40 years of experience, you should be able to fit the most important information on those 2 pages. Because remember, resumes should be short and detailed.Everything that is more than that would be tiring to read, which completely removes the purpose of a resume.Using sorted lists. One of the best ways to reduce resume size without having to remove a lot of important information is to use sort ed lists.Apart from being practical, it will also allow you to make your product manager resume look prettier and more appealing, while also being easier to read.So, whenever information can be written by using sorted lists, make sure to use them. For example, when listing skills you have or points about your previous jobs and education.Useful file formats for your product manager resume. Now, this pro tip could save you some time when there is an unexpected job application right in front of you, so make sure to keep this in mind.Most of us probably write our resumes in Word or similar text-based software, which means that the file we get is of TXT format.TXT format-based files are easier to edit and that’s why you should always keep a copy of your resume in this file format in case you need to make some changes.However, since they are easy to edit, that means someone can easily open it and edit certain info. That’s why it is also a good idea to convert your resume to PDF file f ormat before you apply for a job.PDF is harder to edit and it looks a bit prettier than TXT format. So, because of that, you should keep your resume in PDF for job applications and one copy in TXT for easy editing.Choosing the perfect product manager resume template. There are thousands of online resume templates out there, so you could easily pick one if you don’t have the time to make your own template.However, if you decide to go with the custom-made templates, make sure to select one that would fit your personality and job position the most.Monitoring your email regularly. The most common way to apply for a job is via email. However, emails can often get a bit buggy, which could hurt your chances of getting the job.For example, the answer from recruiters could get stored in the ‘Spam’ folder, which is not included in push notification for your mobile phone or PC.This means you could miss a chance to go to an interview. Recruiters wouldn’t know what happened, they would p robably think you just decided to ignore their message.Therefore, it is a good idea to always check your emails at least once a day, so you don’t miss a chance to get a job you want.Reading your resume again after completion. After you have completed the resume, you should pretend to be a recruiter and read it. That way you will be able to notice some irregularities and possible mistakes, which would allow you to fix them and make your resume look perfect.Political opinions don’t matter. Sharing political opinions and activities you might’ve had on your resume is not a good idea. You never know whether recruiters have the same opinions or whether they would stay objective after they get that information.Fixing grammar errors. One of the most important things to do after you finish writing your resume is checking if you had made some grammar mistakes. Before sending out the resumes with your job application, make sure to fix all grammatically incorrect sentences and words.Const antly updating your product manager resume. Over time, you will probably learn new things, finish some specialization courses and acquire new skills. In order to keep your resume updated, you should regularly add all these things, which would allow you to always be ready to apply for a job.CONCLUSIONThere you go, folks! That was our guide about how to make a perfect product manager resume.We’ve covered everything you need to know about the topic.You now know what are the most important parts of every resume, how to write those parts individually and what smaller things to focus on when applying for a product manager job.What remains now is for you to start making your own resume. If you still feel a bit overwhelmed, however, feel free to use our resume template builder and make your product manager resume in just a couple of minutes. Create your own resume

Gender Role Portrayal And The Disney Princesses Essay

Children were running around inspecting the entire store while their parents watched over them in hopes they wouldnt break anything too expensive. In all this confusion, I had lost sight of my younger sister who was now busy looking at the collection of princess dolls, with a few other girls. As I made my way towards my sister, I couldnt help but notice that many of the dolls had been glamorized and put into extravagant dresses, emphasizing their princess status. Mulan no longer had short hair or armor but long flowing hair, dressed in a traditional Geisha dress completely dismantling her warrior status, emphasizing her feminine qualities instead. As children, many of us grew up watching Disneys films idolizing many of the†¦show more content†¦Even though the female characters in these later movies show more independence, each of these Disney princesses are all romantically linked with a prince, eventually assuming their appropriate gender roles towards the end of the mov ie. The early films followed the traditional standards of the early twentieth-century, where the female heroine needed rescuing by her true love (Yerby, Baron, Lee). Snow White being the first animated film produced by Disney helped create the template that would be used for later movies but more importantly the role that the females would play. Snow White as described by Maio is young, virginal, and pretty, sweet natured and obedient qualities that all Disney princess seem to posses, but are more evident among the early princesses. Domestic work is also one of the many virtues exhibited by the early heroines, in the first three movies. All three princesses are often shown cleaning in various scenes with a smile on their faces, often sing along while they perform the task at hand, depicting an image of the happy homemaker. Neither one of them ever complains or questions their status in the world, always being very compliant, depicting the proper gender roles of the time. Even though this early heroines are more assertive when compared to their prince, they only assert their authorityShow MoreRelatedEssay on How Do Gender Roles Get Portrayed in Disney Films?702 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction A. Definition of Gender Roles A gender role consists of characteristics that refer to a set of social and behavioral norms that are widely considered appropriate for either males or females. Gender roles are different throughout society and cultures. One gains gender roles unconsciously, consciously, or genetically due to cultural rules (Princeton). B. How film characters are seen by the audience Many people view women as weak in hopeless and males as strong and heroic in films. MaleRead MoreAnalysis Of Disney Princess Films848 Words   |  4 PagesThe Disney princess films are some of the most common in the world today. Because of their popularity, these works speak and evaluate, in significant detail, by various scholars. 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From this, fairy tales embarked into a territoryRead MoreEssay on Informative speech1259 Words   |  6 PagesOUTLINE] The Effects of Disney Films Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the different stereotypes Disney portrayed in their movies. Central Idea/Thesis Statement: Different types of stereotypes in Disney movies effect children’s view on gender roles. INTRODUCTION I. When you wish upon a star; makes no difference who you are†¦. Or does it? If you recognized this classic Disney song, that means you grew up watching Disney during your childhood. II. The Disney movie franchise has beenRead MoreGender Stereotypes In Disney1711 Words   |  7 PagesNot Born a Disney Princess, but the Tiara May Fit What young girl does not dream of becoming a princess and living in a castle happily ever after? Virtually every young girl identifies with princesses and has watched at least one Disney Princess movie. From the first movies of Snow White and Cinderella, to the later movies of The Little Mermaid and Beauty and the Beast, to the most current movie Moana, Disney Princess movies permeate not only the movie theaters, but also our culture. In fact, â€Å"becoming

Immigrants Come to America During the Gilded Age Essay

1 In the early 1900’s there was a dramatic increase in the number of immigrants coming to the eastern shores of America. Many were pulled to America because of its economic opportunity, freedom, need for labor and its beautiful country. Immigrants were excited to come to America and were pushed from their home countries because of food shortages, overpopulation, war and political instability. This was going on in an important era in American history called the â€Å"gilded age†. It was a time of economic growth, and industrialization but also had high percentages of poverty mainly in urban environments. The majority of the immigrants intended to advance out west but actually settled in the eastern cities. In the book The Jungle, Jargis and his†¦show more content†¦Factories did not have to meet any safety guidelines, causing the United States to have the worst working conditions out of any other country. Also the factories were definitely not the cleanest places to work. Since there was no one inspecting the meat at the time, low skilled laborers were forced to package meat that was spoiled or contaminated. This did not go well with human consumption. â€Å"The meat would be shoveled into carts, and the man who did the shoveling would not trouble to lift out a rat even when he saw one—there were things that went into the sausage in comparison with which a poisoned rat was a tidbit. There was no place for the men to wash their hands before they ate their dinner, and so they made a practice of washing them in the water that was to be ladled into the sausage. There were the butt-ends of smoked meat, and the scraps of corned beef, and all the odds and ends of the waste of the plants, that would be dumped into old barrels in the cellar and left there. Under the system of rigid economy, which the packers enforced, there were some jobs that it only paid to do once in a long time, and among these was the cleaning out of the waste barrels. Every spring they did it; and in the barrels would be dirt and rust and old nails and stale water—and cartload after cartload of it would be taken up and dumped 3 into the hoppers with fresh meat, and sent out to the public’s breakfast.†(Chapter 14, page 167) This quote really showed how strictShow MoreRelatedThe Gilded Age By Mark Twain1217 Words   |  5 PagesCoined the term the â€Å"Gilded Age, this time period of 1870-1900 was first referred to as this title by a book written by Mark Twain. In respect to the United States during this time, it refers to the overall appearance of the US to appear as if saturated in gold and opulence, otherwise known as a land of dreams. However, this was not the case because underneath this initial viewpoint, there was poverty and injustice that lined the streets of every urban city. Throughout this time period, many factorsRead More Social Changes in America Brought About by the Gilded Age Essay1710 Words   |  7 PagesThe Gilded Age was characterized by rapid industrialization, reconstruction, ruthless pursuit of profit, government, corruption, and vulgarity (Cashman 1). After the Civil War, America was beginning to regroup as a nation. There were many other changes developing in the country. I ndustrialization was taking over the formerly agricultural country. The nation’s government was also in great conflict (Foner 20). Many changes occurred during the Gilded Age. These changes affected farmers, labor, businessRead MoreAfrican Americans During The Civil War1211 Words   |  5 Pagesrailroads, and immigrants from all over the world flooded into the country. However, during this period America also faced great amount of poverty, terrible working conditions, mass political corruptions, and a destruction of civil rights for African Americans, women, and immigrants. Mark Twain marked this period as the â€Å"Gilded Age† because everything seemed to be going well for the United States, but behind all the accomplishments made, there was more misfortune for many Americans during this time.Read MoreEssay on Working Experiences in Gilded Age America842 Words   |  4 PagesThe working experiences of individuals and families during the Gilded Age time period in Ame rica, which refers to the late nineteenth century, are varied due to many factors. These factors include but are not limited to age, level of skill, gender, economic class, language(s) spoken, and ethnic origin. It can be said that different groups of people faced drastically different challenges in the world of work; however, some of these challenges are more common within more groups of people than justRead MoreInventions In The Gilded Age1140 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Immigration and African American Rights, I think these are the main events that happen during the Gilded Age. The Gilded Age was an eventful time, had lots of things going on from left and right of us. Mark Twain called the 19th century the Gilded Age, by this he meant that the period was glittering on the surface, but corrupt underneath. There were only two different classes, either you were rich or poor. There was no in between because either you ran a successful business and had familyRead MoreThe Civil War Of The United States1456 Words   |  6 Pages When it comes to nature the strong survives and the week get kicked out of the circle. When it comes to humans they survive by hard work and pushing through the hard times. The Civil War the united states were devastated and people started looking for ways to start over. Americans weren’t the only ones looking for a new start either. Immigrants from China, Ireland, and Germany flooded to the united states looking for jobs a nd gave way to Darwinist using this to better their profit. By doing thatRead MoreThe Gilded Age : An Era Of Extreme Corruption1169 Words   |  5 PagesDuring their time in grade school, students are taught that after Reconstruction of the Civil War, America enters the Gilded Age from 1877 till about the 1890’s. Then the next era would be the Progressive Era beginning from where the Gilded Age left off till around 1920. Though these eras are accepted in the historical community, some historians argue that it is useless to label these two as separate eras in American history. One historian is Rebecca Edwards in her article Politics, Social MovementRead MoreThe Gilded Age By Jacob Riis1483 Words   |  6 PagesWhen hearing the phrase, â€Å"The Gilded Age,† many would think of positive words to describe the time period. In some ways, that may be true. Diversity, jobs, and even the great invention of light bulbs, were all products of this era that helped make America t he country that it is today. To a majority of the immigrants that had just come to the United States at the time, however, America appeared to be a country of chaos and desperation. The necessities that people could not imagine living without todayRead MoreThe Federal Government Has Changed Over Time1020 Words   |  5 PagesThe federal government role in America from the late 1800s during Reconstruction, up to the early 1900s during the Great Depression, often expanded and contracted in response to the demands of the American public. During this time frame, the nation underwent major changes and faced many challenges in order to get where we are today. As a country, our priorities shifted from being concerned about encounters right in front of us, to encouraging and pursuing a better future for everyone. After yearsRead MoreThe Gilded Age Of The Late Ninetieth And Early Twentieth Century Essay1518 Words   |  7 Pagestwentieth century; also known as the Gilded Age, there was a r apid growth in the Unite States’ economy and a large increase in population due to the significant changes made in the industrial industry of the country. The reasoning behind the rapid influx of European citizens migrating to United States was because payment wages in America were dramatically higher than those in Europe and the availability of jobs were also significantly higher as well. All the new immigrants coming in from Europe, the Native

Four Freedoms Free Essays

The basic idea of the four freedoms has changed drastically from the times of the 1940s to the current time we are living in now. In the 1940s, the freedoms that people were promised to receive weren’t for all people of different races and they were different from what the four freedoms had to offer the common good of society compared to our time now. In present time, people are more accepted for who they are and what race they are. We will write a custom essay sample on Four Freedoms or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also, almost everyone in America has the privilege to enjoy the perks of what the four freedoms promises Americans.As a nation the meaning of the four freedoms has changed overtime and the people’s tolerance of each other no matter what race, skin color, or where they are from has changed the freedoms largely over a period of 60-70 years. The freedom that I think has changed the most out of the four freedoms is the freedom of speech. Back in the 1940’s racial borders would prevent black people from being taken seriously if they were to speak out on their own opinions and the way they see things. There was still this sense of racism in the 1940’s and African-Americans were still in the struggle to get the same civil rights as the white man.Also, if a black man was ever to speak out against the government he would be punished for even saying anything. An example of this was when Martin. Luther King. Jr. spoke out his opinion and started peaceful protests that would eventually get him in trouble. He ended up being sent to jail for sharing his opinion on black civil rights. Overtime he was killed by a James Earl Ray by assassination. In our present time we’ve learned to accept what everyone has to say and it’s respect to speak out on your opinion and there are no racial barriers.An example of freedom of speech today is Barack Obama. He believed and throughout his campaign for presidency proclaimed that healthcare should be available for every American. Before in the 1940’s a black man wouldn’t be taken seriously and a black man wouldn’t see the point of speaking out his opinion when it doesn’t matter to anyone else. In comparison from back then to this point of time the freedom of speech has changed and people have learned to be more acceptable or open to whatever anyone else has to say no matter who the person is, what color their skin is or where they are from.Everyone truly does have the right now to say however they feel in America. The freedom that I think has changed the least is the freedom of fear. In the 1940’s the whole country has a sense of togetherness since Roosevelt was trying to unite our nation to fight back against Japan and Germany. World War II inserted a sense of fear into us when they bombed Pearl Harbor and we were all scared that other countries would take over ours. Roosevelt preached that if he country all stuck together we would do just fine and win this war as long as we were all a team.Everyone in America feared that we would be attacked and it relates to our time now in a way. When 9’11 happened in 2001 fear struck us. We couldn’t believe that airplanes were coming down and destroying massive buildings. We never expect anything like that to happen to us and we feared, â€Å"What if we were next? † As a nation we fought back against the terrorists and captured Osama Bin Laden the leader of Al-Qaeda, the terrorist group that bombed our country, and we showed the world that America shouldn’t be messed with because we are all one big community of a billion people.The people of America put trust in our government to do the right thing and they did. Overtime things have stayed the same in our nation and the unity to keep the rights we are promised as American citizens has drove us to make our country better. As Americans we know we are in good hands with the safety that the marines, army, air force and navy give us. The freedom that I think is the most important is the freedom from want. The freedom from want is to not want anything you can’t have and not being able to have it ever.In the 1940’s the freedom from want was available to all people besides people who were segregated against. The certain groups were Japanese, African-Americans, and sometimes Jewish people. For example, Japanese people were segregated against because of the attacks on Pearl Harbor and everyone thought all Japanese people were spies. Also, African-Americans were treated wrong just because of their history as slaves and they white man thinking they’re better than them. Another group were the Jews because Jews over the history of time were blamed for anything bad ever happening.Jews were always looked down by society and it’s sad that they couldn’t get the rights they were promised to have as American citizens. In our present time everyone has the opportunity to be whoever they are trying to be. Black people earned the right to be at equal status as white people. An example is Barack Obama and his life goal. Barack Obama knew from an early age what he wanted to do and he did it. He works really hard in school, did everything that could get him to where he is now and never took a bad turn in life.Back then it was a joke to think a black man would ever be President of the United States, but he proved the world wrong. Back then you would never think these people would have these rights, but they do now and everything is for the better since everyone can earn whatever they want to do as long as they set their minds to it. The freedom that in my eyes is the least important is the freedom of religion. The freedom of religion is being able to practice any religion of your own choice.In the 1940’s people were certainly able to practice any religion they want, but some religions were frowned upon and considered against the law. An example is the Ku-Klux-Klan and their practices in the 1940s. They used to murder black people, Jews and people who didn’t fit in with their society. Eventually this would become a religion for this group. In the 1940’s not every religion was accepted, but still is the same now. It’s not about the spiritual thoughts of hate against different races that got them in trouble, but the things they actually did physically that made the religion frowned upon and against the law.Now people are accepting any religion that practices spiritually, but when it comes to physical or verbal practices that hurt people then it’s against the law. The government cracks down on most of these hate groups, but the thing is you can’t stop anyone from what they want to do. Times have changed, but the ability to practice any religion you want will stay the same. The four freedoms have stayed the same and changed over a series of time. We consider the freedoms the same today and they all apply strongly to this day.As a nation we have bettered our self-interest to fit the nation’s best interest and learned to accept each other for who we are. Every person of every race has all the same rights. There still are those people, who don’t find each other equal, but they can’t publicly speak the way they fell or they will get in trouble. The four freedoms has ensured all Americans the safety, freedom of speech, freedom to practice any religion they want, and the ability to be anyone you want to be if you strive for it. Being American has perks, but the four freedoms help us distinguish us as Americans and make us who we are. How to cite Four Freedoms, Papers

Product Process Matrix Essay Example

Product Process Matrix Paper The product-process matrix, developed by Hayes and Wheelwright in 1979 was designed to show the trade-offs in operations and marketing by linking product plans and process choices. The model is based on traditional trade-offs evident in a single manufacturing facility environment. The product-process matrix has been empirically tested, but improvements in operations flexibility by applying advanced technologies have caused many to question the models continued validity. In recent years, the environment has changed significantly, with manufacturing companies offering more product customization as they gain process flexibility. In addition, the model as originally developed, does not incorporate the supply chain perspective. New models are required that include the entire supply chain as well as the impact of developments in manufacturing. The operations strategy literature discusses the importance of defining the appropriate production process to support the competitive priorities specified in the business strategy. Building on the works of Skinner (1969) and Abemathy and Townsend (1975), this hierarchical structure was further analyzed by Hayes and Wheelwright as they looked at the relationships between marketing and operations. They suggested that there should be a link between product plans and process choice that supports the overall business strategy (Hayes and Wheelwright, 1979). Furthermore, they contended that firms operating on or close to the diagonal of the product-process matrix will outperform those that hold significantly off-diagonal positions (see Figure 1). Much of the operations strategy literature since then has supported their assertions, and many operations management texts use the model to describe process choice in manufacturing. We will write a custom essay sample on Product Process Matrix specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Product Process Matrix specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Product Process Matrix specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer More recently, research has been conducted to validate empirically whether firms actually link their process choice to product volume and customization and whether those decisions result in better performance. Safizadeh et al. (1996) in a study of 144 U. S. manufacturing plants, found that process choice was linked to product plans and competitive priorities and that there was some evidence of improved performance when they were well aligned. However, the authors recognized that some batch shops and continuous flow shops were able to increase their ability to customize products through lexible manufacturing systems and by using common parts and subassemblies. Their work suggests that as flexibility increases it may be possible to move away from the diagonal on the matrix and still be successful. The authors go on to suggest that flexibility is a complex phenomenon and the literature has gradually uncovered its multiple dimensions and their strategic implications. They also note that companies may appear to be off the line because product and process choices dont happen simultaneously. Companies may have partially implemented processes that would move them closer to the diagonal, but not have the processes completely in place. More work is required to determine the true relationship between process choice and product customization. About the same time, other researchers felt it was necessary to continue to validate the Hayes and Wheelwright model, given changes in manufacturing technology and practice. McDermott, Greis, and Fischer (1997) conducted an in-depth study of nine firms that made up 95% of the total U. S. market for portable electric tools. Through surveys, semi-structured interviews, and plant tours, they determined that new production technologies and practices enable firms to provide flexibility, responsiveness, and low-cost production at the same time. Their results suggested that the process-product trade-offs may have changed and that the Hayes and Wheelwright model may no longer be suitable for describing the environment in that particular industry. They proposed that models based on mass customization (Pine, Victor, and Boynton, 1993) and flexibility (Collins and Schmenner, 1992) may better capture current manufacturing practices. However, they suggested a need for additional research to provide a more prescriptive model for operations strategy. Significant advances in manufacturing and information technologies and changes in competitive priorities suggest that the Hayes and Wheelwright model should be revisited. One attempt to describe a new type of model, given the changes in business environments, is illustrated in Heim and Sinha (2001). They described electronic business-to-customer (B2C) operations and developed a framework in the form of a product-process matrix to explain elationships between electronic service products and service processes. While their model was not empirically tested, it did suggest that the product-process matrix had the potential to be useful as a planning tool in other business environments. A study by Ariss and Zhang (2002) provided some evidence that companies might achieve multiple competitive performances rather than settle for fewer priorities because of trade-offs. Their survey of 31 firms in the Detroit area supported the hypothesis that because of flexible process capabilities firms fall within a wide scope of the diagonal on the product-process matrix. While the sample was small, there was evidence that firms with a highly flexible process capability could perform well despite being off the diagonal. They suggested that flexible process capability is necessary to overcome the technological or economic constraints inherent in the product-process matrix. Matching Supply Chain Processes to Products While these more recent studies examine the appropriateness of the model regarding a firms ability to make process choices predicted by the matrix, they continue to look only at one firm and its process choices. Recent literature suggests that rather than firms competing with other firms, the new competition is supply chain to supply chain (Bhattacharya et al. , 1995; Whipple and Frankel, 2000; Rice and Hoppe, 2001). There is little disagreement among operations strategy researchers that the operations strategy should be aligned with the marketing strategy and support the companys overall strategy; hence, the relationship between product choice and process choice. Others might argue that the overall company strategy must support the supply chain strategy. This leads to the question: is there a relationship between a supply chains product characteristics and competitive priorities with the supply chain firms process choices? As Lee notes (2004, p. 108) Smart companies tailor supply chains to the nature of markets for products. Some researchers provide support for the suggestion that supply chain design should be based on the nature of demand for the product, i. e. , there must be a match between the type of product and the type of supply chain. Fischer (1997) divides products into two types, functional and innovative. Functional products are likely to be staples with stable predictable demand versus innovative products with short life cycles, many varieties, and volatile demand. For functional products, supply chains should be physically efficient and manufacturings focus should be on minimizing inventory and maintaining high average utilization rates. For innovative products, supply chains should have responsive processes, and manufacturing should focus on where to strategically place inventory and deploy excess buffer capacity to meet changes in demand. Fisher suggests that making these alignments will provide a competitive advantage. Lee further defined the characteristics of functional versus innovative products (2002). Functional products have low demand uncertainties, stable demand, long product life, low product variety, higher volume per stock keeping unit (SKU), along with other characteristics. Innovative products have high demand uncertainties, variable demand, short selling seasons, high product variety, low volume per SKU, along with other characteristics. He then defines four supply chain strategies to meet product demand. Efficient supply chains use scale economies and optimize capacity and distribution utilization. Risk-hedging supply chains use strategies to pool inventory and other resources to avoid supply disruption. Responsive supply chains have strategies that are responsive and flexible and use build-to-order and mass customization processes. Agile supply chains utilize strategies to be responsive and flexible but also pool inventory or capacity resources to meet unpredictable demand with minimal disruptions. As Lee states, Only those companies that build agile, adaptable and aligned supply chains get ahead of the competition (2004, p. 105). Determining how a supply chain can, or should be, improved to gain flexibility can be difficult. One proposition suggests that supply chain flexibility is affected by decisions or process choices inherent in the operations systems, logistics processes, the supply network, organizational design, and information systems of every firm within the supply chain for a given product (Lummus et al. , 2005). Evidence from this study reveals that practitioners recognize many different facets associated with supply chain flexibility but do not necessarily perceive differences between those in terms of greatest-to-least impact on flexibility. Childerhouse, Aitken, and Towill (2002) detail how an organization achieved focused processes in their demand (supply) chain through a case study of a major U. K. lighting company. Figure 2 describes their proposed model for the development of focused demand chain strategies. They suggest that the marketplace today has diverse requirements for alternative products, and no single demand chain can best service all these requirements. Through a review of literature, they identified five key product characteristics that influence the design of supply chain strategies. The characteristics included: duration of product life cycle, time window for product delivery, high versus low volume, variety in required product offerings, and variability in demand. From there, they documented the lighting companys efforts to identify customer requirements and realign their supply chain strategy to focus on specific demand requirements. The company focused its efforts on the supply chain activities of planning (choosing between material requirements planning [MRP] and pull system execution [kanban]), simplifying the ordering and communication between players in the chain and improving the new product design process. The company identified four focused demand chains, and over a four-year period transformed its supply chain in to a competitive, market-focused demand chain. Supply Chain Product-Process Matrix Building on the work of Hayes and Wheelwright, the product classification work of Fisher and Lee, and the focused supply chain discussion just outlined, it may be beneficial for companies to define a model that aligns product characteristics and processes across a supply chain. As supply chains compete with supply chains, companies within a supply chain must select processes consistent with end-customer value and competitive priorities. The purpose of this research is to propose a model that may be used by companies when making product and process decisions across a supply chain. There is clearly support for the product-process matrix, i. e. , firms that operate on or near the diagonal will outperform those that are significantly off-diagonal. However, as noted, there is also some evidence that as companies adopt more flexible systems and identify inventory pooling strategies they may succeed despite operating further from the diagonal. If demand characteristics are important for defining the competitive priorities and process choice within a company, why wouldnt end-customer demand characteristics also be important for defining the process choices across a supply chain? The association between process choice and end-customer requirements across a supply chain has not been empirically tested. Therefore, the following proposition is suggested: Proposition 1: The competitive priorities and end-customer value with regard to a supply chains primary product line must be consistent with the supply chain firms process choices. While Proposition 1 suggests the importance of alignment, it does not imply that each company in the supply chain must have similar processes, or even that the processes would have similar capabilities (i. e. , speed, volume, changeover, etc. ). What is suggested is that regardless of where the company is positioned in the supply chain, the focus must be on end customer requirements. If end-customers require a variety of products with short lead times and variable volumes, each partner in the chain must be able to react quickly to provide different varieties and ramp production up or down. An end customer focused on low cost and consistent product in high volumes requires each partner to focus on streamlined production and efficient operations. How each partner meets the capability required by the end customer may differ, but the focus must be on what the supply chains end customer requires. As noted by both Lee and Fisher, there are key differences in the characteristics of products that affect supply chain design. Uncertainty surrounding the specific product design volume and delivery requirements increases the need for flexibility across the supply chain. Each firm within the supply-chain plan processes must understand end-customer value to maintain the flexibility required by all upstream partners. Types of uncertainty include: the need for differently defined product (make-to-order [MTO]), the desire to choose from an existing group of designs (options), the need for different volume requirements, and the need to design new products. End-product uncertainty suggests that entire supply chains must be adaptable. Therefore, the following is suggested: Proposition 2: End-customer product uncertainty characteristics increase the need for supply chain flexibility and influence process choice. As an example, consider the level of uncertainty associated with customer demand for fashion items, such as womens handbags. There is great uncertainty associated with how well any particular design might be accepted and eventually purchased by the end customer. Systems must be established to move product to the location with the greatest demand. Demand characteristics, including general market response and seasonality, may affect the sales or shelf-life of the product and, therefore, require a supply chain that can make adjustments in production, design, and raw materials. At the other end of the uncertainty spectrum resides a product like sugar. Stable demand and specific product characteristics allow for the development of a supply chain where minimal flexibility is required. These examples and the propositions offered suggest the need for a new model to define the relationship between processes and products across a supply chain. Successful supply chains will focus on end-customer demand and select the appropriate processes to match the demand characteristics. Figure 3 describes a proposed supply chain product-process matrix. The proposed supply chain matrix takes into account Lee and Fishers perspectives on end-product customer characteristics. The horizontal axis represents product uncertainty that can vary from a repetitive standard product to a highly variable product, where the customer wants to participate in the design or at a minimum wants a customized product. The horizontal axis represents the needed flexibility for the entire supply chain and ranges from the highly efficient supply chain to one that uses processes for specific customer requirements. Efficient supply chains can produce products in large quantities at a low cost and with short lead times. Responsive supply chains can respond to changes in customer requirements and produce a customized product in quantities as small as one. In Hayes and Wheelwrights original model (see Figure 1), they suggest that companies will be most successful when operating closely on the diagonal. While a particular location on the proposed matrix (see Figure 3) does not suggest particular processes for the firms in the supply chain, it does suggest the types of processes required across the supply chain. For example, the make-to-order clothing retailer must have processes that can gather size information, translate that information to drawings, and transfer the information quickly to the clothing manufacturer. The clothing manufacturer must have equipment that can interpret design requirements, quickly change from one size to another, and incorporate color and other choices. The textile manufacturer must stock or quickly produce the right color and thickness of material to match the particular customers needs. The entire supply chain must be able to react to customized design. At the opposite extreme are supply chains that produce a standard product in one or a very small number of options and are focused on efficient production throughout the supply chain. Many supply chains today are finding more and more customers requiring customized products. Companies currently mass producing products, such as shoes, are considering how to build a product specific to the customer. In this example, the customers foot measurements are translated into a custom-fit product. This movement from repetitive products to more mass-customized items suggests that supply chains in the future must be more responsive. Therefore, the following is suggested: Proposition 3: The goal of the supply chains firms, depending on the product and competitive environment is either to move up and to the left of the matrix without sacrificing efficiency and cost effectiveness or to move down and to the right without sacrificing flexibility and customization. Expectations for mass customization are certainly changing the competitive environment. This push requires that companies redesign processes to gain flexibility without increasing costs. As an example, a local cabinet manufacturing firm requested help redesigning a manufacturing process that would allow it to customize cabinets for product sold though a large home improvement chain. The push from the store was to provide reasonably priced custom cabinets to its customers. In addition, lead-time from order receipt to ship was very short. The manufacturing company set a rip-to-ship goal of 24 hours. The retail chain promised high sales volume. The company then needed to change its high-volume manufacturing processes in such a way that customization could occur without adding to costs-a move up and to the left on the supply chain product-process matrix (Figure 3). Results from this manufacturing change were expected not only to increase the companys ability to customize its high-volume products, but to also increase margins for its low-volume, highly-customized products as manufacturing process improvements were moved to its low-volume lines. For this product line, the improvement would be down and to the right of the matrix, improving costs without sacrificing flexibility and customization. The cabinet company example illustrates another issue in selecting processes within a specific company to match supply chain objectives. While the company aligned its processes to provide a customized, short lead-time product, it also provided a high-volume standard product. Many companies have multiple product lines with differing end-customer requirements. It may be necessary to provide diverging paths through a manufacturing process to accommodate multiple customer objectives, or to create secondary processes. Either way, the key issue is to focus on end-customer requirements and vary process choice to accommodate product variation. Companies often find themselves members of multiple supply chains and must plan processes accordingly. At the same time, companies make process choices that are unique from other companies choices and provide them distinctive capabilities. They make trade-offs in process choice, which allow them to satisfy a given range of customer needs. These decisions allow a broad range of customers with a variety of needs to be served by different companies with distinct capabilities. While this may limit one companys capability to serve some customers, it opens opportunities for others to serve that market. Conclusions Determining supply chain processes is not an isolated task and should be considered in relation to end-customer requirements and the competitive priorities of the entire supply chain. Hayes and Wheelwright concluded that, with their well-known product-process matrix, companies focusing on aligning processes with product requirements will be most successful. Today, as supply chains compete with supply chains, the entire supply chain must be focused on the end customer. Childerhouse et al. (2002, p. 687) summarized the perspective of a focused demand chain: The theory of focused demand chains is based on the premise that modern day marketplaces have diverse requirements for alternative products and services. No one demand chain strategy can best service all these requirements. Hence, focus is required to ensure demand chains are engineered to match customer requirements. This paper proposed revising the Hayes and Wheelwright model to incorporate a supply chain perspective. Future work is needed to apply these concepts across multiple companies and industries to validate the proposed model. Rather than looking only at the companys products and customer requirements, it is important to examine the role of end-customer product characteristics in the processes of all the firms that are partners in the supply chain. Supply chains have one role, which is to serve the end customer. 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